Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation?
(a) Joint Forest Management
(b) Beej Bachao Andolan
(c) Chipko Movement
(d) Demarcation of Wildlife Sanctuaries
Answer:
(d) Demarcation of Wildlife Sanctuaries ✅
Explanation:
- Joint Forest Management (JFM): A community-based program where local people participate in protecting and managing forests.
- Chipko Movement: A grassroots movement where villagers, especially women, hugged trees to prevent deforestation.
- Beej Bachao Andolan: A farmer-led initiative promoting indigenous seed conservation.
- Demarcation of Wildlife Sanctuaries: This is a government-led effort to set boundaries for wildlife protection, which does not necessarily involve direct participation from local communities.
Thus, demarcation of wildlife sanctuaries is a governmental conservation strategy with limited direct community involvement. 🏞️🚫